Mapping nationwide concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in ambient PM 2.5 in South Korea using machine learning with ground observation data.

Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant in Northeast Asia, with frequent high PM episodes. To investigate the nationwide spatial distribution maps of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosols in South Korea, prediction models for mapping SO4 2- and NO3 - concentrations in PM2.5 were developed using machine learning with ground-based observation data. Specifically, the random forest algorithm was used in this study to predict the SO4 2- and NO3 - concentrations at 548 air quality monitoring stations located within the representative radii of eight intensive air quality monitoring stations. The average concentrations of PM2.5 , SO4 2- , and NO3 - across the entire nation were 17.2 ± 2.8, 3.0 ± 0.6, and 3.4 ± 1.2 μg/m3 , respectively. The spatial distributions of SO4 2- and NO3 - concentrations in 2021 revealed elevated concentrations in both the western and central regions of South Korea. This result suggests that SO4 2- concentrations were primarily influenced by industrial activities rather than vehicle emissions, whereas NO3 - concentrations were more associated with vehicle emissions. During a high PM2.5 event (November 19-21, 2021), the concentration of SO4 2- was primarily influenced by SOX emissions from China, while the concentration of NO3 - was affected by NOX emissions from both China and Korea. The methodology developed in this study can be used to explore the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 with high spatiotemporal resolution. It can also provide valuable insights for the nationwide mitigation of secondary PM2.5 pollution.