SGLT2 inhibitors: from glucose-lowering to cardiovascular benefits.

An increasing number of individuals is at high risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its cardiovascular complications, including heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and premature death. The sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) protein sits in the proximal tubule of human nephrons to regulate glucose reabsorption, and its inhibition by gliflozins represents the cornerstone of contemporary T2D and HF management. Herein, we aim to provide an updated view on the pleiotropy of gliflozins, provide mechanistic insights and delineate related cardiovascular (CV) benefits. By discussing contemporary evidence obtained in preclinical models and landmark randomized controlled trials, we move from bench to bedside across the broad spectrum of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. With robust trials confirming a reduction in major adverse CV events (MACE; composite endpoint of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke), SGLT2 inhibitors strongly mitigate the risk for heart failure hospitalization in diabetics and non-diabetics alike while conferring renoprotection in specific patient populations. Along four major pathophysiological axes (ie, at cardiac, vascular, renal, and systemic levels), we provide insights into key mechanisms that may underlie their beneficial effects, including gliflozins' role in the modulation of vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular energy metabolism and housekeeping mechanisms. We also discuss how this drug class controls hyperglycaemia, ketogenesis, natriuresis, and hyperuricaemia, contributing to their pleiotropic effects. Finally, evolving data in the setting of cerebrovascular diseases and arrythmias are presented, and potential implications for future research and clinical practice are comprehensively reviewed.