Trauma-informed physiotherapy and the principles of safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma is common and may lead to lasting adverse effects on health. Trauma-informed practice does not treat trauma but uses a strengths-based approach to encourage engagement in services.

OBJECTIVE: To understand how physiotherapy attends to trauma-informed principles.

METHODS: This qualitative ethnographic study was set in an Australian hospital. Three data collection methods were used, including observations of clinical practice, interactive reflexive group discussions with physiotherapists, and interviews with patients. Data analysis included an initial inductive phase followed by thematic mapping to trauma-informed principles. Critical reflexivity was used throughout to examine how the authors' perspectives and assumptions affected the analysis.

RESULTS: Twelve observations of consultations, ten interviews with people receiving physiotherapy, and five group discussions with physiotherapists were conducted. Themes produced within each of five principles of trauma-informed care included: Safety: not just a number, uncertainty beyond managing physical risks, upbeat approach as default needs balance, pragmatic environments inadequate; Trustworthiness: touch needs further consideration, assumed consent; Choice: limited options; Collaboration: let's do it together, variable consideration of the patient as expert, task focus, pushing the "right" treatment, missing insight into power imbalance; Empowerment: extending function and independence, building nonphysical skills but lack of clarity.

CONCLUSION: Physiotherapy incorporates crucial aspects of trauma-informed care, but opportunities exist to enhance physiotherapists' skills and knowledge, particularly in relation to non-physical safety considerations.