The haplotype-resolved autotetraploid genome assembly provides insights into the genomic evolution and fruit divergence in wax apple ( Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. and Perry).

Wax apple ( Syzygium samarangense ) is an economically important fruit crop with great potential value to human health because of its richness in antioxidant substances. Here, we present a haplotype-resolved autotetraploid genome assembly of the wax apple with a size of 1.59 Gb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed three rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, including two independent WGDs after WGT-γ . Resequencing analysis of 35 accessions partitioned these individuals into two distinct groups, including 28 landraces and seven cultivated species, and several genes subject to selective sweeps possibly contributed to fruit growth, including the KRP1 - like , IAA17-like , GME-like , and FLACCA-like genes. Transcriptome analysis of three different varieties during flower and fruit development identified key genes related to fruit size, sugar content, and male sterility. We found that AP2 also affected fruit size by regulating sepal development in wax apples. The expression of sugar transport-related genes ( SWEET s and SUT s) was high in 'ZY', likely contributing to its high sugar content. Male sterility in 'Tub' was associated with tapetal abnormalities due to the decreased expression of DYT1 , TDF1 , and AMS , which affected early tapetum development. The chromosome-scale genome and large-scale transcriptome data presented in this study offer new valuable resources for biological research on S. samarangense and shed new light on fruit size control, sugar metabolism, and male sterility regulatory metabolism in wax apple.