Research Progress on the effects of adverse exposure during pregnancy on skeletal muscle function in offspring.

Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic function, energy homeostasis, movement function, as well as endocrine function. The gestation period is a critical stage for the myogenesis and development of skeletal muscle. Adverse environmental exposures during pregnancy would impose various effects on the skeletal muscle health of offspring. Maternal obesity during pregnancy can mediate lipid deposition in skeletal muscle of offspring by affecting fetal skeletal muscle metabolism and inflammation-related pathways. Poor dietary habits during pregnancy, such as high sugar and high fat intake, can affect the autophagy function of skeletal muscle mitochondria and reduce the quality of offspring skeletal muscle. Nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy can affect the development of offspring skeletal muscle through epigenetic modifications. Gestational diabetes may affect the function of offspring skeletal muscle by upregulating the levels of miR-15a and miR-15b in offspring. Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors during pregnancy may impair skeletal muscle function by interfering with insulin receptor-related signaling pathways in offspring. This article reviews the research progress on effects and possible mechanisms of adverse maternal exposures during pregnancy on offspring skeletal muscle function in clinical and animal studies, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment strategy of birth defects in skeletal muscle.