GWAS of Reproductive Traits in Large White Pigs on Chip and Imputed Whole-Genome Sequencing Data.

Total number born (TNB), number of stillborn (NSB), and gestation length (GL) are economically important traits in pig production, and disentangling the molecular mechanisms associated with traits can provide valuable insights into their genetic structure. Genotype imputation can be used as a practical tool to improve the marker density of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips based on sequence data, thereby dramatically improving the power of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In this study, we applied Beagle software to impute the 50 K chip data to the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data with average imputation accuracy ( R 2 ) of 0.876. The target pigs, 2655 Large White pigs introduced from Canadian and French lines, were genotyped by a GeneSeek Porcine 50K chip. The 30 Large White reference pigs were the key ancestral individuals sequenced by whole-genome resequencing. To avoid population stratification, we identified genetic variants associated with reproductive traits by performing within-population GWAS and cross-population meta-analyses with data before and after imputation. Finally, several genes were detected and regarded as potential candidate genes for each of the traits: for the TNB trait: NOTCH2 , KLF3 , PLXDC2 , NDUFV1 , TLR10 , CDC14A , EPC2 , ORC4 , ACVR2A , and GSC ; for the NSB trait: NUB1 , TGFBR3 , ZDHHC14 , FGF14 , BAIAP2L1 , EVI5 , TAF1B, and BCAR3 ; for the GL trait: PPP2R2B , AMBP , MALRD1 , HOXA11 , and BICC1 . In conclusion, expanding the size of the reference population and finding an optimal imputation strategy to ensure that more loci are obtained for GWAS under high imputation accuracy will contribute to the identification of causal mutations in pig breeding.