Neurogenic and neuroprotective donepezil-flavonoid hybrids with sigma-1 affinity and inhibition of key enzymes in Alzheimer's disease.

In this work we describe neurogenic and neuroprotective donepezil-flavonoid hybrids (DFHs), exhibiting nanomolar affinities for the sigma-1 receptor (σ1 R) and inhibition of key enzymes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and monoamine oxidases (MAOs). In general, new compounds scavenge free radical species, are predicted to be brain-permeable, and protect neuronal cells against mitochondrial oxidative stress. N-(2-(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxamide (18) is highlighted due to its interesting biological profile in σ1 R, AChE, 5-LOX, MAO-A and MAO-B. In phenotypic assays, it protects a neuronal cell line against mitochondrial oxidative stress and promotes maturation of neural stem cells into a neuronal phenotype, which could contribute to the reparation of neuronal tissues. Molecular modelling studies of 18 in AChE, 5-LOX and σ1 R revealed the main interactions with these proteins, which will be further exploited in the optimization of new, more efficient DFHs.