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Influences of shallow groundwater depth on N 2 O diffusion along the soil profile of summer maize fields in North China Plain.
Science of the Total Environment 2024 March 21
The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2 O) from agricultural fields are a significant contribution to global warming. Understanding the mechanisms of N2 O emissions from agricultural fields is essential for the development of N2 O emission mitigation strategies. Currently, there are extensive studies on N2 O emissions on the surface of agricultural soils, while studies on N2 O fluxes at the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones (ISU) are limited. Uncertainties exist regarding N2 O emissions from the soil-shallow groundwater systems in agricultural fields. In this study, a three-year lysimeter experiment (2019-2020, 2022) was conducted to simulate the soil-shallow groundwater systems under four controlled shallow groundwater depth (SGD) (i.e., SGD = 40, 70, 110, and 150 cm) conditions in North China Plain (NCP). Weekly continuous monitoring of N2 O emissions from soil surface, N2 O concentration in the shallow groundwater and the upper 10 cm of pores at the ISU, and nitrogen cycling-related parameters in the soil and groundwater was conducted. The results showed that soil surface N2 O emissions increased with decreased shallow groundwater depth, and the highest emissions of 96.44 kg ha-1 and 104.32 kg ha-1 were observed at G2 (SGD = 40 cm) in 2020 and 2022. During the observation period of one maize growing season, shallow groundwater acted as a sink for the unsaturated zone when the groundwater depth was 40 cm, 70 cm, and 110 cm. However, when SGD was 150 cm, shallow groundwater became a source for the unsaturated zone. After fertilization, the groundwater in all treatment plots behaved as a sink for the unsaturated zone, and the diffusion intensity decreased with increasing SGD. The results would provide a theoretical basis for cropland water management to reduce N2 O emissions.
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