A joint brain extraction and image quality assessment framework for fetal brain MRI slices.

Brain extraction and image quality assessment are two fundamental steps in fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3D reconstruction and quantification. However, the randomness of fetal position and orientation, the variability of fetal brain morphology, maternal organs around the fetus, and the scarcity of data samples, all add excessive noise and impose a great challenge to automated brain extraction and quality assessment of fetal MRI slices. Conventionally, brain extraction and quality assessment are typically performed independently. However, both of them focus on the brain image representation, so they can be jointly optimized to ensure the network learns more effective features and avoid overfitting. To this end, we propose a novel two-stage dual-task deep learning framework with a brain localization stage and a dual-task stage for joint brain extraction and quality assessment of fetal MRI slices. Specifically, the dual-task module compactly contains a feature extraction module, a quality assessment head and a segmentation head with feature fusion for simultaneous brain extraction and quality assessment. Besides, a transformer architecture is introduced into the feature extraction module and the segmentation head. We utilize a multi-step training strategy to guarantee a stable and successful training of all modules. Finally, we validate our method by a 5-fold cross-validation and ablation study on a dataset with fetal brain MRI slices in different qualities, and perform a cross-dataset validation in addition. Experiments show that the proposed framework achieves very promising performance.