Brain oscillations in reflecting motor status and recovery induced by action observation-driven robotic hand intervention in chronic stroke.

Hand rehabilitation in chronic stroke remains challenging, and finding markers that could reflect motor function would help to understand and evaluate the therapy and recovery. The present study explored whether brain oscillations in different electroencephalogram (EEG) bands could indicate the motor status and recovery induced by action observation-driven brain-computer interface (AO-BCI) robotic therapy in chronic stroke. The neurophysiological data of 16 chronic stroke patients who received 20-session BCI hand training is the basis of the study presented here. Resting-state EEG was recorded during the observation of non-biological movements, while task-stage EEG was recorded during the observation of biological movements in training. The motor performance was evaluated using the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and upper extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and significant improvements ( p  < 0.05) on both scales were found in patients after the intervention. Averaged EEG band power in the affected hemisphere presented negative correlations with scales pre-training; however, no significant correlations ( p  > 0.01) were found both in the pre-training and post-training stages. After comparing the variation of oscillations over training, we found patients with good and poor recovery presented different trends in delta, low-beta, and high-beta variations, and only patients with good recovery presented significant changes in EEG band power after training (delta band, p  < 0.01). Importantly, motor improvements in ARAT correlate significantly with task EEG power changes (low-beta, c.c = 0.71, p  = 0.005; high-beta, c.c = 0.71, p  = 0.004) and task/rest EEG power ratio changes (delta, c.c = -0.738, p  = 0.003; low-beta, c.c = 0.67, p  = 0.009; high-beta, c.c = 0.839, p  = 0.000). These results suggest that, in chronic stroke, EEG band power may not be a good indicator of motor status. However, ipsilesional oscillation changes in the delta and beta bands provide potential biomarkers related to the therapeutic-induced improvement of motor function in effective BCI intervention, which may be useful in understanding the brain plasticity changes and contribute to evaluating therapy and recovery in chronic-stage motor rehabilitation.