Ambient noise levels with depth from an underwater glider survey across shipping lanes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada.

A two-month-long glider deployment in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, measured the ambient sound level variability with depth and lateral position across a narrow channel that serves as an active commercial shipping corridor. The Honguedo Strait between the Gaspé Peninsula and Anticosti Island has a characteristic sound channel during the Summer and Fall due to temperature variation with depth. The experiment comprised continuous acoustic measurements in the band 1-1000 Hz and oceanographic (temperature and salinity) measurements from a profiling electric glider down to 210 m water depth. The mean observed ambient sound depth-profile was modeled by placing a uniform distribution of sources near the surface to represent a homogeneous wind-generated ocean wave field and computing the acoustic field using normal modes. The measurements and predictions match within the observed error bars and indicate a minimum in the sound channel at 70 m depth and a relative increase by ∼1 dB down to 180 m depth for frequencies >100 Hz. The impact of detector depth, the distance to a busy shipping corridor, wind noise, flow noise, and self-noise are discussed in the context of passive acoustic monitoring and marine mammal detection.