Whole Genome Sequencing and Molecular Epidemiology of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Algeria.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for various healthcare- and community-acquired infections. In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to genotype S. aureus clinical isolates from two hospitals in Algeria and to characterize their genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance. Seventeen S. aureus isolates were included in this study. WGS, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenetic analysis, in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) typing and in silico antimicrobial resistance profiling were performed. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Vitek 2 system and the disk diffusion method. The isolates were separated into sequence types (STs), with ST80 being predominant; five clonal complexes (CCs); four spa types (t044, t127, t368, t386); and two SCC mec types (IVc and IVa). Whole genome analysis revealed the presence of the resistance genes mecA , blaZ , ermC , fusB , fusC , tetK , aph (3')-IIIa and aad (6) and mutations conferring resistance in the genes parC and fusA . The rate of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64%. This work provides a high-resolution characterization of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates and emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance to monitor the spread of S. aureus in healthcare settings in the country.