Activated ZnCl2 biochar and humic acid as additives in monoammonium phosphate fertilizer: Physicochemical characterization and agronomic effectiveness.

Activated zinc biochar (ZnBC) and humic acid (HA) were used as coating agents in a soluble monoammonium phosphate (MAP) to modify phosphorus (P) use efficiency by altering adsorption/desorption kinetics between the granule region and the soil. The coated treatments MAPZnBC and MAPHA were compared with MAP through P diffusivity, kinetics, and agronomic evaluation. Eucalyptus sawdust was used as biomass for biochar synthesis, and a pre-pyrolysis treatment with zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) was applied. The P diffusivity was evaluated in the fertosphere zone. Adsorption and desorption potential of the ZnBC compared with control biochar (BC) was evaluated separately. Desorption kinetics of P from soil was assessed after incubation with MAPZnBC and MAPHA. The shoot dry matter yield (SDM), P uptake, and P use efficiency (PUE) were evaluated with a pot experiment in a clay Oxisol sown with maize and soybeans as successive plant trials, under glasshouse conditions. Surface area values of 940 and 305 m2  g-1 combined with adsorption capacities of 106 and 53 mg P g-1 for ZnBC and BC, respectively, confirm the increased capacity of activated biochar to adsorb P. Both MAPZnBC and MAPHA decreased P diffusivity compared to MAP after 20 days of incubation. Moreover, MAPZnBC and MAPHA presented 20% and 34% more water-soluble phosphorus recovery. MAPZnBC expressed an increase in SDM while MAPHA highlighted P uptake and PUE compared with MAP. Both kinetic studies and agronomic evaluations showed that ZnBC and HA are suitable as coatings for phosphate fertilizers in terms of increasing P efficiency in the fertosphere on high P-fixing soils.