Acute kidney injury in bortezomib-treated patients with multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: The nephrotoxicity of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, has not yet been concluded, although tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) associated with multiple myeloma (MM) has increased after introduction of the drug. This study compared the incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) and TLS in patients with MM after bortezomib-based chemotherapy to investigate drug-related nephrotoxicity.

METHODS: From 2006 to 2017, 276 patients who underwent a first cycle of bortezomib-based chemotherapy for MM were identified in a single tertiary hospital. Laboratory TLS was defined according to the Cairo-Bishop definition. Development of AKI was assessed by AKI Network criteria within 7 days of the first chemotherapy.

RESULTS: The median age was 65 [56-72] years, and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 61.3 [34.1-89.1] mL/min/1.73 m2. The incidences of AKI and laboratory TLS were 17% (n = 47) and 13% (n = 36), respectively. Ten (3.6%) subjects met both AKI and TLS criteria. Multivariate analyses showed that lower eGFR category (30∼59, odds ratio [OR] = 3.005 [1.163-7.976]; 15∼29, OR = 4.225 [1.183-15.000]; <15, OR = 16.154 [3.831-70.920] vs ≥ 60, p < 0.001), lower serum albumin level (per 1 increase, OR = 0.479 [0.256-0.871], p = 0.018), renal amyloidosis (OR = 13.039 [4.108-44.041], p < 0.001), and use of acyclovir during bortezomib treatment (OR = 3.689 [1.133-14.469], p = 0.042) were predictors of AKI. MM stages and β-2-microglobulin were not associated with increased risk of AKI. Regarding laboratory TLS, MM stage and β-2-microglobulin were higher in those with TLS than in others. In multivariate analyses, β-2-microglobulin level (OR = 1.204 [1.005-1.461], p = 0.038) and absence of high-risk chromosome abnormalities (OR = 0.143 [0.022-0.588], p = 0.016) were associated with higher risk of TLS.

CONCLUSIONS: Development of AKI was often observed in the absence of TLS in patients with MM after treatment with bortezomib. In addition, the risk factors of AKI and TLS varied widely. These findings indicate the potential nephrotoxicity of bortezomib irrespective of TLS in patients with decreased kidney function.