Untying Gordian knots: Unraveling reticulate polyploid plant evolution by genomic data using the large Ranunculus auricomus species complex.

Speciation via hybridization and polyploidization is a major evolutionary force in plant evolution but is still poorly understood for neopolyploid groups. Challenges are attributed to high heterozygosity, low genetic divergence, and missing information on progenitors, ploidy, and reproduction. We study the large Eurasian Ranunculus auricomus species complex and use a comprehensive workflow integrating reduced-representation sequencing (RRS) genomic data to unravel reticulate evolution, genome diversity and composition of polyploids. We rely on 97,312 restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) loci, 576 targeted nuclear genes (48 phased), and 71 plastid regions derived from 78 polyploid apomictic taxa and four di- and one tetraploid putative sexual progenitor species. We applied (phylo)genomic structure, network, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-origin analyses. Results consistently showed only 3-5 supported and geographically structured polyploid genetic groups, each containing extant sexual and one unknown progenitor species. Combined analyses demonstrated predominantly allopolyploid origins, each involving 2-3 different diploid sexual progenitor species. Young allotetraploids were characterized by subgenome dominance and non-hybrid SNPs, suggesting substantial post-origin but little lineage-specific evolution. The biodiversity of neopolyploid complexes can result from multiple hybrid origins involving different progenitors and substantial post-origin evolution (e.g., homoeologous exchange, hybrid segregation, gene flow). RRS genomic data including multi-approach information is efficient to delimit shallow reticulate relationships.