Neutrophil extracellular traps in giant cell arteritis biopsies: presentation, localization and co-expression with inflammatory cytokines.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in inflamed temporal artery biopsies (TABs) of patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA).

METHODS: Ten patients with GCA [5 with limited and 5 with associated generalized vascular involvement, as defined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT)] and 8 with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) were studied. The presence, location, quantitation, and decoration of NETs with IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17A were assessed in TABs at the time of disease diagnosis by tissue immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Paired serum levels of IL-6 and IL-17A were also evaluated in all patients.

RESULTS: All temporal artery biopsies from GCA, but not PMR patients, had NETs located mainly in the adventitia, adjacent to the vasa vasorum. NETs decorated with IL-6 were present in 8/10 TABs of GCA patients, of whom 5 were -PET/CT(+) and 3 PET/CT(-) patients. IL-17A(+) NETs were observed in all GCA patients. IL-1β(+)NETs were not detected in any GCA patient. No relation was found between serum IL-6 and IL-17A levels and NETs containing IL-6 and/or IL-17A.

CONCLUSIONS: NETs bearing pro-inflammatory cytokines are present in inflamed GCA-TABs. Future studies with a larger number of patients from different centers will show whether the findings regarding neutrophils/NETs in the TAB are consistent and disclose their clinical impact.