Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for dysthymic disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

Introduction : Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) is a nosological entity introduced with DSM-5, encompassing numerous different conditions including Dysthymia, recurrent Major Depressive Disorder, Double Depression and Chronic Major Depression. PDD is a particularly significant cause of disease burden in the general population. Areas covered : In the present paper, the authors explore the controversies surrounding the definition of PDD, the current approach to its treatment endorsed by the major scientific bodies, along with the available evidence on the efficacy of said treatments. Expert opinion : Clinicians need to be particularly vigilant and always gather a thorough history. In this diagnostic group, there is a relevant risk of having an undiagnosed Bipolar Disorder as affected individuals typically fail to recognize the pathological components of hypomanic episodes. In this setting, it is crucial to reconsider the diagnosis and to frequently verify compliance with the treatment plan. Numerous technological advances, particularly in the neuroimaging field, offer new insight and new challenges in defining the pathophysiological mechanisms of depressive syndromes. In the future, these advances may offer guidance towards an improved treatment approach and diagnostic process.