Two-tier morpho-chemical defense tactic in Aethionema via fruit morph plasticity and glucosinolates allocation in diaspores.

Fruit dimorphism and the production of glucosinolates (GSLs) are two specific life-history traits found in the members of Brassicales, which aid to optimize seed dispersal and defense against antagonists, respectively. We hypothesized that the bipartite dispersal strategy demands a tight control over the production of fruit morphs with expectedly differential allocation of defensive anticipins (GSLs). In dimorphic Aethionema, herbivory by Plutella xylostella at a young stage triggered the production of more dehiscent (seeds released from fruit) than indehiscent fruit morphs (seeds enclosed within persistent pericarp) on the same plant upon maturity. Total GSL concentrations were highest in the mature seeds of dehiscent fruits from Ae. arabicum and Ae. saxatile among the different ontogenetic stages of the diaspores. Multivariate analyses of GSL profiles indicated significantly higher concentrations of specific indole GSLs in the diaspores, which require optimal defense after dispersal (i.e. seeds of dehiscent and fruit/pericarp of indehiscent fruit). Bioassays with a potentially co-inhabitant fungus, Aspergillus quadrilineatus, support the distinct defensive potential of the diaspores corresponding to their GSL allocation. These findings indicate a two-tier morpho-chemical defense tactic of Aethionema via better-protected fruit morphs and strategic provision of GSLs that optimize protection to the progeny for survival in nature.