We have located links that may give you full text access.
The relationship among psychopathology, religiosity, and nicotine dependence in Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Croatian Medical Journal 2018 August 32
AIM: To examine relationships among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, suicidality, nicotine dependence, and religiosity in Croatian veterans.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study used Combat Exposure Scale (CES) to quantify the stressor severity, PTSD Checklist 5 (PCL) to quantify PTSD severity, Duke University Religion Index to quantify religiosity, Montgomery Asberg (MADRS) and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) rating scales to measure depression/suicidality, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence to assess nicotine dependence. Zero-order correlations, cluster analysis, multivariate regression, and mediation models were used for data analysis.
RESULTS: Of 69 patients included, 71% met "high religiosity" criteria and 29% had moderate/high nicotine dependence. PTSD was severe (median PCL 71), depression was mild/moderate (median MADRS 19, HAM-D 14), while suicidality was mild. A subset of patients was identified with more severe PTSD/depression/suicidality and nicotine dependence (all P<0.001). Two "chains" of direct and indirect independent associations were detected. Higher CES was associated with higher level of re-experiencing and, through re-experiencing, with higher negativity and hyperarousal. It also showed "downstream" division into two arms, one including a direct and indirect association with higher depression and lower probability of high religiosity, and the other including associations with higher suicidality and lower probability of high nicotine dependence.
CONCLUSIONS: Psychopathology, religiosity, and nicotine dependence are intertwined in a complex way not detectable by simple direct associations. Heavy smoking might be a marker of severe PTSD psychopathology, while spirituality might be targeted in attempts of its alleviation. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine level of evidence: 3.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study used Combat Exposure Scale (CES) to quantify the stressor severity, PTSD Checklist 5 (PCL) to quantify PTSD severity, Duke University Religion Index to quantify religiosity, Montgomery Asberg (MADRS) and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) rating scales to measure depression/suicidality, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence to assess nicotine dependence. Zero-order correlations, cluster analysis, multivariate regression, and mediation models were used for data analysis.
RESULTS: Of 69 patients included, 71% met "high religiosity" criteria and 29% had moderate/high nicotine dependence. PTSD was severe (median PCL 71), depression was mild/moderate (median MADRS 19, HAM-D 14), while suicidality was mild. A subset of patients was identified with more severe PTSD/depression/suicidality and nicotine dependence (all P<0.001). Two "chains" of direct and indirect independent associations were detected. Higher CES was associated with higher level of re-experiencing and, through re-experiencing, with higher negativity and hyperarousal. It also showed "downstream" division into two arms, one including a direct and indirect association with higher depression and lower probability of high religiosity, and the other including associations with higher suicidality and lower probability of high nicotine dependence.
CONCLUSIONS: Psychopathology, religiosity, and nicotine dependence are intertwined in a complex way not detectable by simple direct associations. Heavy smoking might be a marker of severe PTSD psychopathology, while spirituality might be targeted in attempts of its alleviation. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine level of evidence: 3.
Full text links
Related Resources
Trending Papers
Executive Summary: State-of-the-Art Review: Unintended Consequences: Risk of Opportunistic Infections Associated with Long-term Glucocorticoid Therapies in Adults.Clinical Infectious Diseases 2024 April 11
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias: Classifications, Pathophysiology, Diagnoses and Management.International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2024 April 13
Clinical practice guidelines on the management of status epilepticus in adults: A systematic review.Epilepsia 2024 April 13
Get seemless 1-tap access through your institution/university
For the best experience, use the Read mobile app
All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2024 by WebMD LLC.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.
By using this service, you agree to our terms of use and privacy policy.
Your Privacy Choices
You can now claim free CME credits for this literature searchClaim now
Get seemless 1-tap access through your institution/university
For the best experience, use the Read mobile app