Where alcohol use disorder meets interoception: A meta-analytic view on structural and functional neuroimaging data.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with changes in the processing of internal body signals, known as interoception. Changes in brain structure, particularly in the insula, are thought to underlie impaired interoception. As studies specifically investigating this association are largely lacking, this analysis takes an approach that compares meta-analytic results on interoception with recently published meta-analytic results on gray matter reduction in AUD. A systematic literature search identified 25 eligible interoception studies. Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) was used to test for spatial convergence of study results. Overlap between interoception and AUD clusters was tested using conjunction analysis. Meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) and resting-state functional connectivity were used to identify the functional network of interoception and to test where this network overlapped with AUD meta-analytic clusters. The results were characterized using behavioral domain analysis. The interoception ALE identified a cluster in the left middle insula. There was no overlap with clusters of reduced gray matter in AUD. MACM analysis of the interoception cluster revealed a large network located in the insulae, thalami, basal nuclei, cingulate and medial frontal cortices, and pre- and postcentral gyri. Resting state analysis confirmed this result, showing the strongest connections to nodes of the salience- and somatomotor network. Five of the eight clusters that showed a structural reduction in AUD were located within these networks. The behavioral profiles of these clusters were suggestive of higher-level processes such as salience control, somatomotor functions, and skin sensations. The results suggest an altered salience mapping of interoceptive signals in AUD, consistent with current models. Connections to the somatomotor network may be related to action control and integration of skin sensations. Mindfulness-based interventions, pleasurable touch, and (deep) transcranial magnetic stimulation may be targeted interventions that reduce interoceptive deficits in AUD and thus contribute to drug use reduction and relapse prevention.