Antibacterial conductive polyacrylamide/quaternary ammonium chitosan hydrogel for electromagnetic interference shielding and strain sensing.

The utilization of biomass-based conductive polymer hydrogels in wearable electronics holds great promise for advancing performance and sustainability. An interpenetrating network of polyacrylamide/2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (PAM/HACC) was firstly obtained through thermal-initiation polymerization of AM monomers in the presence of HACC. The positively charged groups on HACC provide strong electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding with the PAM polymer chains, leading to improved mechanical strength and stability of the hydrogel network. Subsequently, the PAM/HACC networks served as the skeletons for the in-situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy), and then the resulting conductive hydrogel demonstrated stable electromagnetic shielding performance (40 dB), high sensitivity for strain sensing (gauge factor = 2.56). Moreover, the incorporation of quaternary ammonium chitosan into PAM hydrogels enhances their antimicrobial activity, making them more suitable for applications in bacterial contamination or low-temperature environments. This conductive hydrogel, with its versatility and excellent mechanical properties, shows great potential in applications such as electronic skin and flexible/wearable electronics.