Central Sleep Apnea in Adults: Diagnosis and Treatment.

BACKGROUND: While the literature has demonstrated a higher prevalence of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the general population compared with central sleep apnea (CSA), more evidence is needed on the long-term clinical impact of and optimal treatment strategies for CSA.

OBSERVATIONS: CSA is overrepresented among certain clinical populations, such as those with heart failure, stroke, neuromuscular disorders, and opioid use. The clinical concerns with CSA parallel those of OSA. The absence of respiration (apneas and hypopneas due to lack of effort) results in sympathetic surge, compromise of oxygenation and ventilation, sleep fragmentation, and elevation in blood pressure. Symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, witnessed apneas, and nocturnal arrhythmias are shared between the 2 disorders. A systematic clinical approach should be used to identify and treat CSA.

CONCLUSIONS: The purpose of this review is to familiarize the primary care community with CSA to aid in the identification and management of this breathing disturbance.