3D bioprinted endothelial cell-microglia coculture for diabetic retinopathy modeling.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common diabetes complication leading to vision impairment or blindness due to retinal vasculature alterations. Hyperglycemia induces structural alterations, inflammation, and angiogenic factor upregulation. Current treatments targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are insufficient for approximately 20% of DR patients, necessitating alternative approaches. Microglia, essential for retinal homeostasis, remains underexplored in DR. This study used digital light processing bioprinting to construct a 3D coculture model of endothelial cells (ECs) and microglia under varying glucose conditions, with a hydrogel stiffness of 4.6-7.1 kPa to mimic the extracellular matrix property of retina plexiform. Our results showed that high glucose levels influenced both EC and microglial phenotypes, gene expression, and angiogenic potential. Increasing glucose from 5 mM to 25 mM reduces drug efficacy by 17% for Aflibercept in EC monoculture, and 25% and 30% for Aflibercept and Conbercept in EC-microglia coculture, respectively, suggesting that diabetic condition and microglia presence could interfere with drug responses. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the importance of cellular interactions and microenvironmental factors in DR therapy, aiming to identify novel strategies and improve understanding of microglia's role in disease pathogenesis.