Dietary inclusion of Clostridium butyricum cultures alleviated impacts of high carbohydrate diets in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ).

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to explore the potential regulatory effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum cultures (CBC) supplementation in high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) on carbohydrate utilization, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota of largemouth bass. Triplicate groups of largemouth bass (average weight 35.03 ± 0.04 g), with a destiny of 28 individuals per tank, were fed low-carbohydrate diet and HCD supplemented with different concentration of CBC (0%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00%). The results showed that dietary inclusion of CBC alleviated the hepatic glycogen accumulation induced by HCD intake. Additionally, the expression of hepatic ampkα1 and insulin signaling pathway related genes ( ira , irb , irs , p13kr1 and akt1 ) increased linearly with dietary inclusion of CBC, which might be associated with the activation of glycolysis related genes ( gk , pfkl and pk ). Meanwhile, the expression of intestinal short chain fatty acid transport related genes ( ffar3 and mct1 ) was significantly increased with dietary inclusion of CBC. In addition, the hepatic antioxidant capacity was improved with dietary CBC supplementation, as evidenced by linear decrease in MDA concentration and expression of keap1 , and linear increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (T-AOC, T-SOD and CAT) and expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes ( nrf2, sod1 , sod2 and cat ). The analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA V3-4 region indicated that dietary CBC inclusion significantly reduced the enrichment of Firmicutes and potential pathogenic bacteria genus Mycoplasma , but significantly elevated the relative abundance of Fusobacteria and Cetobacterium . In summary, dietary CBC inclusion improved carbohydrate utilization, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota of largemouth bass fed HCD.