Clinical outcomes of oral epithelial dysplasia managed by observation versus excision.

IMPORTANCE: Oral potentially malignant disorders, including oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), are a group of conditions with an increased risk of progression to oral cancer. Clinical management of OED is challenging and usually involves monitoring with repeated incisional biopsies or complete surgical excision.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if complete surgical excision of OED impacts malignant transformation or improves survival outcomes in lesions that progress to malignancy.

DESIGN: A retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with OED between 2009 and 2016 was completed, and patients were followed until January 2022 for disease course and outcomes.

RESULTS: Hundred and fifty-five cases of OED met the inclusion criteria. Among the 61 lesions managed by observation, 15 progressed to cancer. Among the 94 lesions managed by surgical excision, 27 progressed to cancer. The overall malignant transformation rate was 27%, with an annual rate of 6.4%. Surgical excision with or without histologically negative margins did not decrease malignant transformation but was associated with lower oncologic staging at the time of diagnosis and improved survival.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Surgical excision of OED with or without negative margins did not reduce the rate of transformation to oral cancer but resulted in lower oncologic staging at diagnosis, leading to improved patient outcomes. Our results support the implementation of more extensive tissue sampling to improve cancer diagnosis and patient outcomes.