Peripheral T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell population imbalance is associated with septic encephalopathy in patients with severe sepsis.

Septic encephalopathy (SE) is a diffuse cerebral dysfunction resulting from a systemic inflammatory response, and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. The pathogenesis of SE is complex and multifactorial, but unregulated immune imbalance may be an important factor. The current retrospective study examined the clinical data of 86 patients with severe sepsis who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University (Xiamen, China) from January, 2014 to January, 2015. The patients were assigned to SE and non-SE patient groups according to the presence or absence of SE. The proportion of T-lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells in the immune cell population, representing the function of the immune system, were analyzed for their association with SE and compared with other clinical predictors and biomarkers. The incidence of SE in the patients was 39.5%, and this group demonstrated higher mortality rates (38 vs. 10% in non-SE patients; P=0.001). Univariate analysis revealed that the SE patients reported a lower percentage of cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+ ) T-lymphocytes (51.67±7.12 vs. 60.72±3.70% in non-SE patients; P<0.01), a lower CD4+ /cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+ ) ratio (1.59±0.32 vs. 1.85±0.26% in non-SE patients; P<0.01) and a higher percentage of NK cells (11.80±1.44 vs. 9.19±2.36% in non-SE patients; P<0.01). Using a binary logistic regression model, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes were demonstrated to be independently associated with SE (respectively, P=0.012 and OR, 4.763; P=0.005 and OR, 0.810). An area under the curve analysis of a receiver operating characteristic curve of the two indicators revealed that these were equally powerful measures in prediction of SE (Z=1.247, P>0.05). The present results confirm that SE leads to higher mortality in patients with severe sepsis, and demonstrate that immune imbalance is important in the development of SE. The proportion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes present were revealed in the current study to be a powerful predictor of SE in patients with severe sepsis.