Femoroacetabular impingement - What the rheumatologist needs to know.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is a common cause of hip and groin pain in young individuals. FAI syndrome is a triad of signs, symptoms, and imaging findings. Necessary but not sufficient for the diagnosis of FAI syndrome is the presence of cam and/or pincer morphology of the hip. However, pathological thresholds for cam and pincer morphologies are not well-established. Management of FAI syndrome is typically through either physiotherapist-led therapy or surgical intervention. Physiotherapist-led management involves exercises aimed to optimise movement patterns of the hip and pelvis to prevent impingement from occurring, activity modification and analgesia, whereas surgical management involves arthroscopic resection of the cam/pincer morphology and treatment of concomitant soft tissue pathologies such as labral tears, cartilage lesions or ligamentum teres tears. Careful consideration of intervention is required given that FAI syndrome may predispose those affected to developing future osteoarthritis of the hip. In most clinical trials, hip arthroscopy has been found to provide greater improvement in patient-reported outcomes in the short-term compared to physiotherapy, however it is unknown whether this is sustained in the long-term or affects the future development of hip osteoarthritis.