Enhancing the coagulation process for the removal of microplastics from water by anionic polyacrylamide and natural-based Moringa oleifera.

The existence of microplastics (MPs) in water is a significant global worry since they have the potential to pose a threat to human health. Therefore, there is a need to develop a sustainable treatment technology for MPs removal, as the conventional methods are inadequate to address this problem. Coagulation is a typical process in treatment plants that can capture MPs before releasing them into the environment. In this work, the removal behaviors of polyamide (PA), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE) MPs were systematically investigated through coagulation processes using aluminum sulfate (Al2 (SO4 )3 ) and Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds extract. Subsequently, the coagulation performance of Al2 (SO4 )3 was improved by the separate addition of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) and naturally derived MO. Results showed that Al2 (SO4 )3 in combination with APAM had better performance than Al2 (SO4 )3 or MO alone. In the Al2 (SO4 )3 +APAM system, the removal efficiencies were 93.47%, 81.25%, and 29.48% for PA, PS, and PE MPs, respectively. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the Al2 (SO4 )3 and MO blended system was approximately similar to the Al2 (SO4 )3 +APAM system. However, the required amount of Al2 (SO4 )3 was decreased to 50% in the Al2 (SO4 )3 +MO system compared to the optimal dosage in the Al2 (SO4 )3 system alone. The combination of 40 mg/L of Al2 (SO4 )3 and 60 mg/L of MO resulted in removal efficiencies of 92.99%, 80.48%, and 28.94% for PA, PS, and PE MPs, respectively. The high efficacy of these enhanced methods was due to the synergic effects of charge neutralization and agglomeration adsorption, which were validated through zeta potential assessments and visual analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. In the case of experimental conditions, initial pH had little impact on removal efficiency, while NaCl salinity and stirring speed directly affected MPs removal. Consequently, this paper took a step toward finding a green strategy to remove MPs from water systems.