Parametrization of biological assumptions to simulate growth of tree branching architectures.

Modeling and simulating the growth of the branching architecture of tree species remains a challenge. With existing approaches, we can reconstruct or rebuild the branching architectures of real tree species, but the simulation of the growth process remains unresolved. First, we present a tree growth model to generate branching architectures that resemble real tree species. Second, we use a quantitative morphometric approach to infer the shape similarity of the generated simulations and real tree species. Within a functional-structural plant model (FSPM), we implement a set of biological parameters that affect the branching architecture of trees. By modifying the parameter values, we aim to generate basic shapes of spruce, pine, oak, and poplar. Tree shapes are compared using geometric morphometrics of landmarks that capture crown and stem outline shapes. Five biological parameters, i.e. xylem flow, shedding rate, proprioception, gravitysense, and lightsense, most influenced tree branching and their adjustments led to the generation of different spruce, pine, oak, and poplar shapes. The largest effect was attributed to gravity, as phenotypic responses to this effect resulted in different growth directions of gymnosperm and angiosperm branching architectures. Since we were able to obtain branching architectures that resemble real tree species by adjusting only a few biological parameters, our model is extendable to other tree species. Furthermore, the model will also allow the simulation of structural tree-environment interactions. Our simplifying approach to shape comparison between tree species, landmark geometric morphometrics, showed that even the crown-trunk outlines capture species differences based on their contrasting branching architectures.