Meconopsis biluoensis (Papaveraceae), a new species revealed by population-level investigation.

Meconopsis biluoensis , a new species of Papaveraceae in an alpine meadow from Yunnan, Southwest China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it resembles Meconopsis georgei , while it is distinct in acaulescent and hispid with clearly expanded bases on the leaves. A genus-level molecular phylogenetic analysis supported the closest relationship between M. biluoensis and M. georgei . In a finer population-level molecular phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the chloroplast genome, individuals from M. biluoensis and M. georgei were clearly separated, and the extremely short branch length indicated that the two species had a very short differentiation time. The species has currently been assessed as "endangered" (EN) due to its small-sized population and narrow distribution following the IUCN categories and criteria.