Translation Research in Therapeutic Approaches from Conventional to Novel Nano-therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder related to joint inflammation, bone erosion, and deformity. Numerous studies indicate that the causes and consequences of RA are still being debated, and therapeutic strategies are in the translation stage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs continue to be often used to relieve pain. Still, due to their poor efficacy, failure to halt the spread of the disease, and undesirable adverse effects, they are no longer regarded as first-line treatments. The development of biologic DMRDs designed to reduce the inflammatory response led to substantial changes to the strategy for managing this disease. Although biologic DMRDs have made significant strides in the management of Rheumatoid arthritis, certain patients' lack of response to biological approaches and therapy cessation due to systemic toxicity are unresolved problems. Therefore, to improve the in vivo effect and reduce systemic adverse effects, new approaches are needed to proactively target and transport therapeutic molecules to target sites. The intriguing method of nanotechnology enables the encapsulation of drugs to prevent their deterioration and systemic adverse effects. The next generation of Rheumatoid arthritis therapies might be based on advances in nanomaterial-based drug delivery, Trojan horse, and antibody targeting approaches. This article presents an overview of the advancements in Rheumatoid arthritis therapy, ranging from traditional methods to recent cutting-edge, ongoing pre-clinical and clinical approaches.