Perceptions of family functioning impact smoking during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Although socio-environmental factors are known to contribute to the maintenance of smoking behavior, few studies have examined the impact of family functioning on smoking during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the relationship between perceptions of family functioning and smoking during pregnancy.

METHODS: Pregnant women ( N  = 345, 59% ethnic/racial minority) completed the Family Assessment Device, a gold-standard assessment examining perceptions of family functioning in seven domains. Multinomial logistic regressions analyzed associations between clinically determined suboptimal levels of family functioning by domain and smoking status during pregnancy (smoking, ≥28 continuous days quit, nonsmoking), with stratified analyses exploring ethnic/racial differences (non-Hispanic/White vs. racial/ethnic minority).

RESULTS: Participants who reported suboptimal levels of family functioning in domains of Affective Involvement , Affective Responsiveness , Behavioral Control , and Roles were significantly more likely to have been smoking than nonsmoking during pregnancy. Stratified analyses revealed differing effects by ethnic/racial identity, with perceptions of Roles remaining the only significant effect on smoking outcomes for both groups. No significant effects were found regarding the impact of family functioning on whether participants were smoking vs. quit during pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal family functioning may contribute to smoking during pregnancy, but effects may differ based on domain of family functioning and by ethnic/racial identity.