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Self-reported side effects of COVID-19 vaccines among the public.

BACKGROUND: The safety, side effects and efficacy profile of COVID-19 vaccines remain subjects of ongoing concern among the public in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the types of adverse effects following immunisation with COVID-19 vaccines and the differences based on various types of COVID-19 vaccines to raise public awareness and reduce vaccine hesitancy among the public.

METHODS: A total of 901 Malaysian adults (≥18 years) who received various COVID-19 vaccines were selected to participate in our cross-sectional study through an online survey between December 2021 and January 2022.

RESULTS: A total of 814 (90.3%) of the participants reported ≥1 side effect following COVID-19 immunisation. Of these, the predominant symptoms were swelling at the injection site ( n  = 752, 83.5%), headache ( n  = 638, 70.8%), pain or soreness at the injection site ( n  = 628, 69.7%), fatigue or tiredness ( n  = 544, 60.4%), muscle weakness ( n  = 529, 58.7%) and diarrhea ( n  = 451, 50.1%). Recipients of the Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty ®) vaccine reported the highest number of adverse effects ( n  = 355, 43.6%), followed by mixed COVID-19 vaccines ( n  = 254, 31.2%), the Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-®[recombinant]) vaccine ( n  = 113, 13.9%) and the Sinovac (CoronaVac®) vaccine ( n  = 90, 11.1%). The study showed that individuals who reported significantly more side effects were of elderly age, female gender and high educational level [ P value < 0.05]. Mixed COVID-19 vaccine recipients also reported significantly more local and systemic symptoms after the first dose and third dose when compared with other single vaccine recipients.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the types of self-reported adverse effects following immunisation with single and mixed COVID-19 vaccines. These findings may provide the side effects of different COVID-19 vaccines with the hope of educating the public on the safety profiles of these vaccines and reducing vaccine hesitancy among the public.

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