The Impact of the Culture Regime on the Metabolome and Anti-Phytopathogenic Activity of Marine Fungal Co-Cultures.

Co-cultivation, coupled with the OSMAC approach, is considered an efficient method for expanding microbial chemical diversity through the activation of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). As part of our project aiming to discover new fungal metabolites for crop protection, we previously reported five polyketides, the macrolides dendrodolides E ( 1 ) and N ( 2 ), the azaphilones spiciferinone ( 3 ) and 8 α -hydroxy-spiciferinone ( 4 ), and the bis -naphtho- γ -pyrone cephalochromin ( 5 ) from the solid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) co-culture of two marine sediment-derived fungi, Plenodomus influorescens and Pyrenochaeta nobilis . However, some of the purified metabolites could not be tested due to their minute quantities. Here we cultivated these fungi (both axenic and co-cultures) in liquid regime using three different media, Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB), and Czapek-Dox Broth (CDB), with or without shaking. The aim was to determine the most ideal co-cultivation conditions to enhance the titers of the previously isolated compounds and to produce extracts with stronger anti-phytopathogenic activity as a basis for future upscaled fermentation. Comparative metabolomics by UPLC-MS/MS-based molecular networking and manual dereplication was employed for chemical profiling and compound annotations. Liquid co-cultivation in PDB under shaking led to the strongest activity against the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans . Except for compound 1 , all target compounds were detected in the co-culture in PDB. Compounds 2 and 5 were produced in lower titers, whereas the azaphilones ( 3 and 4 ) were overexpressed in PDB compared to PDA. Notably, liquid PDB co-cultures contained meroterpenoids and depside clusters that were absent in the solid PDA co-cultures. This study demonstrates the importance of culture regime in BGC regulation and chemical diversity of fungal strains in co-culture studies.