Molecular and functional characterization of a type-1 cystatin in amphioxus (Branchiostoma japonicum).

Cystatins comprise a vast superfamily of evolutionary conserved proteins, predominantly recognized for their roles as endogenous inhibitors by regulating the activity of cysteine proteases. Emerging lines of research evidence also provides insight into their alternative roles in a spectrum of biological and pathological processes, including neurodegenerative disorders, tumor progression, inflammatory diseases, and immune response. Nowadays, various type-1 cystatins (stefins) have been demonstrated among a variety of discovered vertebrate groups, while little is known about the related homologue in cephalochordate amphioxus, which are repositioned at the base of the chordate phylum. In the present study, a single type-1 cystatin homologue in Branchiostoma japonicum was first successfully cloned and designated as Bjcystatin-1. The deduced Bjcystatin-1 protein is structurally characterized by the presence of typical wedge-shaped cystatin features, including the 'QxVxG' and 'Px' motif, as well as the conserved N-terminal glycine residue. Phylogenomic analyses utilizing different cystatin counterparts affirmed the close evolutionary relationship of Bjcystatin-1 and type-1 cystatin homologue. Bjcystatin-1 was predominantly expressed in the gills and hind-gut in a tissue-specific pattern, and its expression was remarkably up-regulated in response to challenge with bacteria or their signature molecules LPS and LTA, suggesting the involvement in immune response. Additionally, the recombinant Bjcystatin-1 (rBjcystatin-1) protein showed significant inhibitory activity towards papain and binding ability to LPS and LTA, indicating its hypothesized role as a pattern recognition receptor in immune response. Subcellular localization results also showed that Bjcystatin-1 was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its overexpression could attenuate the activation of LPS-induced nuclear transcription factors NF-κB. Taken together, our study suggests that amphioxus Bjcystatin-1 acts as a dual role in protease inhibitor and an immunocompetent factor, providing new insights into the immune defense effect of type-1 cystatin in amphioxus.