Occupational exposure of firefighters to hazardous pollutants during prescribed fires in Portugal.

Firefighters perform high-risk activities and during the course of their functions are highly exposed to a wide range of occupational hazards, including air pollution. Thus, this study aimed to assess the exposure of firefighters in prescribed wildland fires and their occupational exposure, as well as to identify and chemically characterise the particles collected during wildland firefighting and inside fire stations. Exposure to wildfire smoke was evaluated in 7 prescribed fires in Portugal, 2 in the north and 5 in the south of Viseu district. The concentrations of PM2.5 , NO2 , SO2 , CO and VOCs were monitored and exceedances to occupational exposure limit values were identified. Moreover, the chemical composition of PM2.5 was analysed. The results showed that firefighters were exposed to high concentrations of these pollutants during prescribed fires and that, in some cases, exceeded occupational exposure limits, both for time-weighted average concentrations for an 8-h working day (a time-weighted average, TWA) of PM2.5 , and for short-term exposure values (STEL) of NO2 and SO2 . Despite being exposed to very high concentrations of CO, no exceedances to the occupational exposure values were observed. FT-IR and SEM-EDS allowed to chemically characterise the composition of the particles collected inside the fire stations and also during wildland fires, identifying mainly quartz, aluminium and magnesium silicates, characteristic of earth's crust constituents. and also, fibres that have undergone combustion. Concluding, firefighters' exposure to high concentrations of harmful pollutants, can lead to the degradation of their respiratory health. It is therefore extremely important to increase existing knowledge and conduct further studies, especially longitudinal ones, that can assess their lung function. This will allow an understanding of the impacts of smoke on firefighters' health and develop effective strategies to protect them during wildland firefighting operations.