Chemosynthesis: a neglected foundation of marine ecology and biogeochemistry.

Chemosynthesis is a metabolic process that transfers carbon to the biosphere using reduced compounds. It is well recognised that chemosynthesis occurs in much of the ocean, but it is often thought to be a negligible process compared to photosynthesis. Here we propose that chemosynthesis is the underlying process governing primary production in much of the ocean and suggest that it extends to a much wider range of compounds, microorganisms, and ecosystems than previously thought. In turn, this process has had a central role in controlling marine biogeochemistry, ecology, and carbon budgets across the vast realms of the ocean, from the dawn of life to contemporary times.