Hyperpolarized Gas Imaging in Lung Diseases: Functional and Artificial Intelligence Perspective.

Pathophysiologic changes in lung diseases are often accompanied by changes in ventilation and gas exchange. Comprehensive evaluation of lung function cannot be obtained through chest X-ray and computed tomography. Proton-based lung MRI is particularly challenging due to low proton density within the lung tissue. In this review, we discuss an emerging technology--hyperpolarized gas MRI with inhaled 129 Xe, which provides functional and microstructural information and has the potential as a clinical tool for detecting the early stage and progression of certain lung diseases. We review the hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI studies in patients with a range of pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, radiation-induced lung injury and interstitial lung disease, and the applications of artificial intelligence were reviewed as well.