Short-term continuous monocropping reduces peanut yield mainly via altering soil enzyme activity and fungal community.

Continuous monocropping can lead to soil sickness and increase of soil-borne disease, which finally reduces crop yield. Microorganisms benefit plants by increasing nutrient availability, participating in auxin synthesis, and defending against pathogens. However, little is known about the influence of short-term successive peanuts cropping on soil properties, enzyme activities, its yield, plant-associated microbes, and their potential correlations in peanut production. Here, we examined the community structure, composition, network structure and function of microbes in the rhizosphere and bulk soils under different monocropping years. Moreover, we assessed the impact of changes in the soil micro-environment and associated soil microbes on peanut yield. Our results showed that increase of monocropping year significantly decreased most soil properties, enzyme activities and peanut yield (p < 0.05). Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) indicated that monocropping year significantly influenced the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere and bulk soils (p < 0.01), while had no effect on the bacterial community. With the increase of continuous monocropping year, peanut selectively decreased (e.g., Candidatus_Entotheonella, Bacillus and Bryobacter) or increased (e.g., Nitrospira, Nocardioides, Ensifer, Gaiella, and Novosphingobium) the abundance of some beneficial bacterial genera in the rhizosphere. Continuous monocropping significantly increased the abundance of plant pathogens (e.g., Plectosphaerella, Colletotrichum, Lectera, Gibberella, Metarhizium, and Microdochium) in the rhizosphere and negatively affected the balance of fungal community. Besides, these species were correlated negatively with L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity. Network co-occurrence analysis showed that continuous monocropping simplified the interaction network of bacteria and fungi. Random forest and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis further showed that fungal community, pathogen abundance, soil pH, and LAP activity negatively affected peanut yield. In conclusion, short-term continuous monocropping decreased LAP activity and increased potential fungal pathogens abundance, leading to reduction of peanut yield.