Comparison of core and process scores on the California Verbal Learning Test-3 for Parkinson's disease and essential tremor patients.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are two disorders known to lead to executive dysfunction, presumably through distinct pathways to the frontal lobes via the striatum or cerebellum, respectively. Memory functioning in PD and ET patients has been previously suggested to be adversely impacted by executive dysfunction. The aims of this exploratory study were to compare memory performance between and within groups on the California Verbal Learning Test - 3 (CVLT-3) through the analysis of core and process scores and to understand the relationship of these scores with measures of executive functioning.

METHOD: Seventy PD and 54 ET patients completed comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Independent sample t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare between group core and process scores on the CVLT-3. Within-subjects analyses were conducted via Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test due to nonparametric data. Spearman's correlations were conducted to explore the relationship between memory process scores and measures of executive functioning.

RESULTS: The ET and PD samples were similar with regard to age, education, gender, and general cognitive functioning. PD patients made more repetition errors ( U = 2391.50, p = .01) than ET patients and Normal Memory PD patients made more repetition errors than Low Memory PD patients ( U = 711.00, p = .00). Correlational analyses revealed repetition errors were negatively associated with tests of inhibition, set shifting, and working memory ( rs   = -.293, -.232). ET patients demonstrated a preference for a serial cluster learning strategy ( T = 861.00, p = .005), similar to PD patients ( T = 1633.00, p = <.001).

CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed presence of higher repetition errors in the PD sample that was demonstrated to have a negative relationship with measures of executive functioning. Implications for investigating process ("qualitative") scores in memory performance to determine extent of executive involvement are discussed.