Sex disparities in tibia-fibula geometry and density are associated with elevated bone strain in females: A cross-validation study.

Females are up to four times more likely to sustain a stress fracture than males. Our previous work, using statistical appearance modeling in combination with the finite element method, suggested that sex-related differences in tibial geometry may increase bone strain in females. The purpose of this study was to cross-validate these findings, by quantifying sex-related differences in tibia-fibula bone geometry, density, and finite element-predicted bone strain in a new cohort of young physically active adults. CT scans of the lower leg were collected for fifteen males (23.3 ± 4.3 years, 1.77 ± 0.09 m, 75.6 ± 10.0 kg) and fifteen females (22.9 ± 3.0 years, 1.67 ± 0.07 m, 60.9 ± 6.7 kg). A statistical appearance model was fit to each participant's tibia and fibula. The average female and male tibia-fibula complex, controlled for isotropic scaling, were then calculated. Bone geometry, density, and finite element-predicted bone strains in running were compared between the average female and male. The new cohort illustrated the same patterns as the cohort from the previous study: the tibial diaphysis of the average female was narrower and had greater cortical bone density. Peak strain and the volume of bone experiencing ≥4000 με were 10 % and 80 % greater, respectively, in the average female when compared to the average male, which was driven by a narrower diaphysis. The sex-related disparities in tibial geometry, density, and bone strain described by our previous model were also observed in this entirely new cohort. Disparities in tibial diaphysis geometry likely contribute to the elevated stress fracture risk observed in females.