Synergistic Effect of Static Magnetic Fields and 3D-Printed Iron-Oxide-Nanoparticle-Containing Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.

In scaffold-regulated bone regeneration, most three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds do not provide physical stimulation to stem cells. In this study, a magnetic scaffold was fabricated using fused deposition modeling with calcium silicate (CS), iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3 O4 ), and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) as the matrix for internal magnetic sources. A static magnetic field was used as an external magnetic source. It was observed that 5% Fe3 O4 provided a favorable combination of compressive strength (9.6 ± 0.9 MPa) and degradation rate (21.6 ± 1.9% for four weeks). Furthermore, the Fe3 O4 -containing scaffold increased in vitro bioactivity and Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells' (WJMSCs) adhesion. Moreover, it was shown that the Fe3 O4 -containing scaffold enhanced WJMSCs' proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the osteogenic-related proteins of the scaffold. Under the synergistic effect of the static magnetic field, the CS scaffold containing Fe3 O4 can not only enhance cell activity but also stimulate the simultaneous secretion of collagen I and osteocalcin. Overall, our results demonstrated that Fe3 O4 -containing CS/PCL scaffolds could be fabricated three dimensionally and combined with a static magnetic field to affect cell behaviors, potentially increasing the likelihood of clinical applications for bone tissue engineering.