NonTuberculous Mycobacteria Blood Stream Infection in Pediatric and Adult Patients: 15 Years Surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are rare causes of bloodstream infection (BSI). This study addresses the management and prognosis of NTM BSI and the differences between adult and pediatric patients.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of patients at any age with NTM BSI, from January 1, 2005, to June 30, 2020. Data on demographics, underlying conditions, clinical manifestations, NTM species, antibiotic treatments and outcomes were retrieved.

RESULTS: Positive blood cultures for NTM were detected in 43 patients, 30 children and 13 adults. Median age: 10.37 years (IQR 6.692-39.864). Thirty-seven (86%) patients had an active malignant disease. Fever was the chief sign in 23 (53.5%) patients and pulmonary manifestations in 14 (32.6%). Rapidly growing NTM comprised 39 (90.7%) of the isolates. Central venous catheter (CVC) was documented in 39 (90.7%) cases, 31 (79.5%) of which were removed as part of treatment. Antibiotic treatment directed against NTM was documented in 26 (60.5%) patients. CVC was removed in 7/17 patients who were not treated with antibiotics. Relapse occurred in 3 cases; no 30-days mortality was reported. Children and adults had similar clinical characteristics. However, children had a higher rate of CVC at the time of bacteremia and a higher chance to receive treatment.

CONCLUSION: NTM BSI was seen mainly in oncological patients with CVC. Children and adults had a similar disease course and outcome. Relapse was rare and NTM-related mortality was not reported.