Does low-frequency pelvic nerves stimulation in people with spinal cord injury allow for the formation of electrical pathways responsible for the recovery of walking functions?

Over the last ten years, we have published various manuscripts on the recovery of assisted voluntary walking in people with chronic spinal chord injuries (SCI), following laparoscopic implantation of stimulation electrodes on the pelvic somatic nerves - the LION procedure. Although at the beginning of this research the objective was to allow "robotic" walking by stimulating the muscles, we realized relatively quickly that continuous low frequency stimulation of the pelvic nerves might allow the recovery of voluntary functions of the lower limbs and of the trunk necessary for walking: Seventeen out of a total of twenty-five complete motor chronic SCI-patients (68%) developed enough recovery of supra-spinal control of leg movements, that voluntary walking became feasible, even though a minimal amount of stimulation may be required. All current theories for recovery these voluntary functions below the spinal cord lesion are based on the induced regrowth or reconnection of nerves or at least the recovery of functional anatomical pathways. In this manuscript we formulate the hypothesis that electrical stimulation could be responsible for inducing the formation of "electrical pathways" within the body, which under conditions of electrical stimulation might enable the transport of necessary information from the brain to below the spinal cord lesion allowing voluntary movements of the lower limbs.