Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy for Anal Cancer: Dose-Volume Relationship of Acute Gastrointestinal Toxicity and Disease Outcomes.

AIMS: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is increasingly used in the treatment delivery of chemoradiotherapy in anal cancer with the ability to reduce toxicity. We report on 4 year outcomes since the introduction of IMRT and identify the most predictive bowel organ at risk that correlates with acute diarrhoea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients receiving definitive chemoradiotherapy for squamous or basaloid cell anal carcinoma (T1-4NanyM0) were reviewed. Fifty-four per cent of patients had stage III disease and most (79%) were treated with a dose of 54 Gy in 30 fractions. Patient acute gastrointestinal toxicity was recorded using Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events (CTCAE) diarrhoea grading. Four different methods of bowel were re-contoured for each patient and correlated with acute diarrhoea. Locoregional control and overall survival were analysed.

RESULTS: CTCAE grade 3 or more diarrhoea occurred in 11/58 patients (19%). Seven patients did not complete treatment; 10 patients (17%) required a treatment break of 3 or more days. 'Bowel cavity' was the best predictor of acute grade 3 toxicity using volume (P = 0.002) or volume to bowel cavity in 5 Gy bins (V5-V50Gy); P < 0.05. Bowel cavity V30Gy ≤ 300 cm3 predicts a 6% grade 3 diarrhoea risk versus > 300 cm3 predicts a 42% risk. Four year progression-free survival was 84% (95% confidence interval 73-92%) and overall survival was 88% (95% confidence interval 75-95%).

CONCLUSION: Chemoradiation using IMRT provides excellent local control and acceptable acute gastrointestinal toxicity. Bowel cavity is the most sensitive predictor for grade 3 versus grade 0-2 diarrhoea, with any volume receiving 5-50 Gy discriminatory.