Verbal Instruction Can Induce Extinction of Fear of Movement-Related Pain.

UNLABELLED: The fear avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain highlights the importance of pain-related fear in chronification of pain. Although several interventions have been developed on the basis of this model, the following issues remain unresolved: first, whether movement conditioned to pain can evoke fear responses particularly sympathetic activation, and second, whether verbal instructions can attenuate conditioned fear of movement-related pain as with direct experience. To investigate these issues, we induced proprioceptive conditioning (learning the relationship between proprioceptive sensations and an aversive event) and extinction learning in healthy volunteers, and we compared psychophysiological and subjective indices of fear between an instructed and a normal extinction group. Using paired presentation of painful heat stimuli as an unconditioned stimulus and flexion of the wrist as a conditioned stimulus, all participants acquired the conditioned fear response (skin potential response) to the conditioned stimulus. The instructed extinction group was then told that the movement was no longer followed by painful stimulus at the beginning of the extinction phase, and only this group showed significant decreases on both indices of fear. This finding indicates that verbal instruction can attenuate conditioned fear of movement-related pain, supporting the clinical importance of providing information regarding the relationship between movement and pain.

PERSPECTIVE: This article presents evidence that, in a laboratory setting, verbal instructions rapidly decrease conditioned fear of movement-related pain on psychophysiological as well as subjective indices. This result indicates that it is important for chronic musculoskeletal pain patients to precisely understand the relationship between movement and pain in clinical situations.