Cardiovascular Effects of Hookah Smoking: Potential Implications for Cardiovascular Risk.

Implications: This review provides an overview on the potential impact of hookah smoking on cardiovascular health. Readers will gain an insight into evidence on its toxicological constituents, human health effects, and pathophysiological mechanisms by which hookah smoking might cause cardiovascular disease. The review also highlights current research gaps regarding the cardiovascular consequences of hookah smoking, specifically the long-term consequences in the U.S. and Europe among flavored hookah tobacco users.