Macrophages with a deletion of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 ( Pck1 ) gene have a more proinflammatory phenotype.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1) is a metabolic enzyme that is integral to the gluconeogenic and glyceroneogenic pathways. However, Pck1's role in macrophage metabolism and function is unknown. Using stable isotopomer MS analysis in a mouse model with a myeloid cell-specific Pck1 deletion, we show here that this deletion increases the proinflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Incubation of LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with [U-13 C]glucose revealed reduced 13 C labeling of citrate and malate and increased 13 C labeling of lactate in Pck1-deleted bone marrow-derived macrophages. We also found that the Pck1 deletion in the myeloid cells increases reactive oxygen species (ROS). Of note, this altered macrophage metabolism increased expression of the M1 cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. We therefore conclude that Pck1 contributes to M1 polarization in macrophages. Our findings provide important insights into the factors determining the macrophage inflammatory response and indicate that Pck1 activity contributes to metabolic reprogramming and polarization in macrophages.