Impact of solar radiation exposure on phyllosphere bacterial community of red-pigmented baby leaf lettuce.

Solar radiation has been identified as a stress factor affecting phyllosphere associated bacteria colonization and survival during primary production. In the present study, the impact of different solar radiation doses on the phyllosphere microbiota of red-pigmented baby leaf lettuce cultivated in open field under commercial conditions was evaluated. Four weeks before harvest, the growing field was divided into four plots; each one was consecutively covered with one-week-interval with a light-excluding plastic to reduce the sunlight exposure. Four different solar radiation treatments were generated and cumulative photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was used to differentiate treatments as follows: 4889 ± 428 μmol/m(2)/s (uncovered), 4265 ± 356 μmol/m(2)/s (covered for 1 week), 3602 ± 225 μmol/m(2)/s (covered for 2 weeks) and 3115 ± 313 μmol/m(2)/s (covered for 3 weeks). The size and composition of the phyllosphere bacterial community were determined by cultivation-depended (plate count) and independent (qPCR) techniques. Exposure to decreased levels of cumulative PAR did not produce significant differences in total bacterial community size, regardless of the chosen quantification techniques. However, total bacteria size quantified by qPCR was around 3.5 orders of magnitude higher than those obtained by plate count. The observed differences between cultivation-depended and independent techniques could be attributed to the presence of non-viable or viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria. The bacterial community structure was analyzed using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), and significant differences were detected when the four solar treatment were compared. A qPCR approach was applied to the quantification of specific bacterial phyla and classes, previously identified in the phyllosphere of plants available literature, confirming that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacterias and Firmicutes were the most abundantly represented phyla in lettuce. Treatment comparison revealed higher proportions of Gammaproteobacteria as opposed to the Betaproteobacteria on the lettuce exposed to the lowest cumulative PAR dose (3115 ± 313 μmol/m(2)/s). The obtained results demonstrated that the solar radiation is a relevant environmental factor influencing the relative abundance of specific-groups of phyllosphere-associated bacteria in pigmented baby leaf lettuce.