Physiological and biochemical effects of nanoparticulate copper, bulk copper, copper chloride, and kinetin in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants.

It is essential to understand the interactions of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) with additives used in agriculture and their impacts on crop plants. In this study, kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants were grown in potting soil amended with either nano copper (nCu), bulk copper (bCu), or copper chloride (CuCl2 ) at 0, 50, and 100mg/kg, combined with 0, 10, or 100μM of kinetin (KN). Plant growth, Cu, micro and macroelement concentrations, chlorophyll content, and enzymatic activity were examined in 55-day old plants. Results showed that root Cu content was at least 10-fold higher, compared to other tissues. Accumulation of Cu in roots was decreased by 100μM KN up to 25%. A concentration-dependent increase of Cu content in leaves by Cu×KN was observed. Chlorophyll production was diminished by CuCl2 +KN between 22 and 30%, showing a hormetic response. Catalase activity was repressed by 65% to 82% in bCu and CuCl2 treatments. From all essential elements, Ca, Mn, and P were reduced by 33% to 97% in bCu, CuCl2 , and CuCl2 +KN treatments. However, this did not impact stem elongation and tissue biomass that increased up to 55% under exposure to bCu and CuCl2 . Our results demonstrate that KN combined with ionic Cu could have negative implications in kidney bean plants, since this combination impacted chlorophyll production and nutrient element accumulation.